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Historic
Events
French Furniture
France began the 19th century with a strong leader. Fifteen
years after the storm of the Bastille at the beginning of the
French revolution (1789-1799) the First Empire was proclaimed
in 1804 with Napoleon Bounaparte as the person who dominated
France. During the Restauration (1814 - 30) and the July
Monarchy (1830 - 48) the industrialization process established
gas lightning, omnibus service and Paris' first railway. Baron
Hussman renewed the look of Paris throughoutly and became
known as "the creator of modern Paris" (*
Britannica.com). His Projects continued under the Third
Republic and involved many international exhibitions and
important monuments like the Eifel Tower (1889).
Main
Styles
The Empire and The Neo-Louis style were arguably the
"real" styles of Paris in the 19th century. The
Empire look was the de facto fashion for the whole Napoleonic
era (1804 - 1815) and a very strong Louis influence was found
throughout the last two thirds of the century.
The
Empire Style
From 1804 to 1815 the Napoleonic era's furniture reflected the
supremacy and majesty of that time. French cabinet-makers were
committed to the splendour of ancient Rome, which led to
furniture that was heavier in its forms and literally as well.
The style was generally more simplified and used clear
rectangular forms. Beside that, there was an emphasis on
little figures which were often used instead of supporting
structures and on ornamental decorations. With "Voyage
dans la Basse et Haute-Egypte," Vivant Denon was a major
supporter for the use of Egyptian ornaments in furniture
design of the First Empire. Although cabinet-makers reacted to
many of the new influences that were caused by Napoleon's
military conquests there is sufficient proof that the
Classical style of ancient Rome and also the splendour of
ancient Egypt were thought to best meet the character of the
aspiring new empire. Worth mentioning is that Paris was
definitely the most important and booming center for fine
furniture, with over ten thousand workmen employed in the
furniture industry
The
Neo-Louis Style
The Louis styles are found in French furniture design during
the whole 19th century. Resembling the squiggling ornaments
and rolling forms of the monarchical associated furniture
between the Renaissance and the French revolution (1789 -
1799) the so called Neo-Louis style is a tribute to the
preceding styles, primarily of Louis XIV, Louis XV and Louis
XVI. Due to the progress of industrialization, these,
sumptuary pieces became affordable for a much lager group of
people in the course of the 19th century. For instance,
furniture in the Rococo style (maybe the most famous Louis
style ) was the first choice of middle class families that
were settling in the new suburbs of Paris.
As mentioned before, the Louis styles and the Empire style
were prevalent in France throughout the 19th century. Although
the Empire style could more likely be found in the first third
of of the century and the Louis styles were revived on a broad
basis during the last two thirds of the century, the history
of furniture during the 19th century is much more complicated.
Due to the fact that the common taste was more and more
dictated by the ascending middle class, several different
styles coexisted at virtually any point in the course of the
19th century and a certain style did not necessarily
correspond to a certain period of time. Moreover, it was
customary to have different furniture styles mixed in one
house. What is absolutely interesting is that a room's
furniture style was not only dependent on its purpose but also
on its primary user, especially whether the user was a man or
a woman. The Rococo style, a part of the Louis styles, was
considered to be feminine and was often used to furnish the
drawing room or the boudoir whereas the gothic and renaissance
style were held to be masculine and were a popular choice for
the library, the study or the dining room. Since the
Neo-Louis, Neo-Gothic, revived Renaissance style and Empire
style which is widely influenced by ancient Rome and Greece
are reproductions of past times, one might ask why French
people furnished their rooms in fashions of preceding
centuries. According to The History of Furniture by Ian Grant
(et al.) "...there is strong evidence that the idea of
reproducing the grandeur that surrounded the French monarchy
originated in England rather than in France". Furthermore
it is known that a group of people, among them English and
French aristocrats and also King George IV of England,
collected a large number of furniture pieces of the 17th and
18th century. As a rough answer, four evident reasons can be
pointed out: the influence of England, the splendour of the
aforementioned collections, the prevalent admiration for the
old monarchy and the mass production enabled industry. All
these four facts contributed to the popularity of styles from
the preceding centuries. Concerning the Empire style, it must
be seen in the context of the 'zeitgeist' during the
Napoleonic era. Finally I would like to mention a trend at the
end of the century which exaggerated and oversaturated the
Louis styles. Especially at the lower end of the furniture
market there was trend towards fussiness and spindleness which
seems to have caused a new orientation in taste.
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